{"id":3025,"date":"2020-12-04T12:44:40","date_gmt":"2020-12-04T17:44:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/?p=3025"},"modified":"2020-12-04T13:15:09","modified_gmt":"2020-12-04T18:15:09","slug":"is-mars-a-free-planet-and-may-no-country-authorize-martian-activities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2020\/12\/04\/is-mars-a-free-planet-and-may-no-country-authorize-martian-activities\/","title":{"rendered":"Is Mars a &#8220;Free Planet,&#8221; and May No Country Authorize Martian Activities?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>By now everyone has heard about the terms of service in SpaceX&#8217;s Starlink satellite-internet service contract.\u00a0 They&#8217;re <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reddit.com\/r\/Starlink\/comments\/jjc270\/found_a_gem_in_the_starlink_tos_the_parties\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">posted on Reddit<\/a>:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<div class=\"_7T4UafM1PdBGycd5na9nF\">9. Governing Law.<\/div>\n<p class=\"_1qeIAgB0cPwnLhDF9XSiJM\">&#8230;. For Services provided on Mars, or in transit to Mars via Starship or other colonization spacecraft, the parties recognize <strong>Mars as a free planet<\/strong> and that <strong>no Earth-based government has authority or sovereignty over Martian activities<\/strong>. Accordingly, Disputes will be settled through self-governing principles, established in good faith, at the time of Martian settlement.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>I bolded the two parts I want to discuss.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"963\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2017\/11\/13\/interplanetary-transport-licensing\/screen-shot-2017-11-13-at-8-24-51-am\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-13-at-8.24.51-AM.png?fit=248%2C389&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"248,389\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Screen Shot 2017-11-13 at 8.24.51 AM\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-13-at-8.24.51-AM.png?fit=191%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-13-at-8.24.51-AM.png?fit=248%2C389&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-963 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-13-at-8.24.51-AM.png?resize=146%2C229&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"146\" height=\"229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-13-at-8.24.51-AM.png?resize=191%2C300&amp;ssl=1 191w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Screen-Shot-2017-11-13-at-8.24.51-AM.png?w=248&amp;ssl=1 248w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 146px) 100vw, 146px\" \/>First, is Mars a free planet?<\/strong>\u00a0 It probably is.\u00a0 Article II of the Outer Space Treaty says that the countries that sign the treaty agree that:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>If no Earth nation may appropriate Mars, then, yes, Mars is likely &#8220;free&#8221; &#8211;whatever that means.\u00a0 Some of us think of the United States as a free country, and since the United States has agreed not to annex Mars, Mars is likely more free than the United States.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Is it wrong to say no Earth nation has sovereignty or authority over Martian activities<\/strong>?\u00a0 The lack of sovereignty is the easy one.\u00a0 Under Article II, no nation should claim sovereignty over Mars to appropriate it.<\/p>\n<p>How about authority?\u00a0 For U.S. entities, that is probably correct, but not necessarily for citizens of other countries.<\/p>\n<p>In addressing whether the Starlink terms of service violate international law, Economics Professor Alexander Salter<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalreview.com\/2020\/11\/elon-musks-martian-way-empire-not-included\/#slide-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> points out<\/a> that the treaty&#8217;s Article VI needs to be addressed.\u00a0 It says:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThe activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;In other words,&#8221; Salter says, &#8220;it\u2019s up to states to make sure their nationals behave well in space.&#8221;\u00a0 Thus, the question arises of whether states require their private citizens and other entities to obtain an authorization such as a license, permit, certificate, or other form of approval.\u00a0 Countries, such as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1986\/38\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">United Kingdom<\/a> and France, have passed legislation requiring the regulation of all space activities.\u00a0 The United States, however, has not.\u00a0 Professor Salter puts it succinctly:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The U.S. does not have an obligation as part of its monitoring and enforcement duties to prevent Musk from spearheading a Martian settlement. As space lawyer Laura Montgomery <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mercatus.org\/publications\/technology-and-innovation\/us-regulators-may-not-prevent-private-space-activity-basis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">notes<\/a>, Article VI is not self-executing. It doesn\u2019t become \u201cenforceable federal law unless Congress enacts domestic implementing legislation.\u201d If Congress wants to restrict U.S. nationals from settlement efforts, for whatever reasons, it can do so. But there\u2019s no reason it <em>must <\/em>do so, because it\u2019s ultimately up to national governments how far the \u201cauthorization and continuing supervision\u201d requirement from Article VI extends.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Congress has not enacted a law requiring federal authorization and continuing supervision of private U.S. activities on Mars.\u00a0 Congress would have a lot of policy decisions to make before doing so, of course.\u00a0 What activities are so hazardous they require federal approval and supervision?\u00a0 Which agencies have the relevant expertise?\u00a0 Would Congress assign habitat oversight to the Department of Housing and Urban Development?\u00a0 Might Congress place Martian farming under the jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture?\u00a0 Mining under the Department of the Interior?\u00a0 The name alone should disqualify it, but it does have some expertise in terrestrial mining.\u00a0 Congress has not yet made up its mind on these and other pertinent questions.\u00a0 Until it does, private U.S. actors require no license or other U.S. authorization for their activities on Mars.<\/p>\n<p>Thus, although the United States does not require authorizations for Martian activities by its private citizens, other countries do, so the provision doesn&#8217;t look to be entirely accurate.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By now everyone has heard about the terms of service in SpaceX&#8217;s Starlink satellite-internet service contract.\u00a0 They&#8217;re posted on Reddit:&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[92,70,78,158,56,55,159],"class_list":["post-3025","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-article-ii","tag-article-vi","tag-congress","tag-mars","tag-outer-space-treaty","tag-self-executing","tag-spacex"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Is Mars a &quot;Free Planet,&quot; and May No Country Authorize Martian Activities? 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