{"id":3322,"date":"2021-07-30T10:37:04","date_gmt":"2021-07-30T14:37:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/?p=3322"},"modified":"2021-07-30T10:37:04","modified_gmt":"2021-07-30T14:37:04","slug":"mitigating-orbital-debris-confusion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2021\/07\/30\/mitigating-orbital-debris-confusion\/","title":{"rendered":"Mitigating Orbital Debris Confusion"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>A recent article in <a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/astroscale-and-rocket-maker-mhi-team-up-to-develop-debris-removal-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Space News<\/a> made me think that it might be time for a reminder that U.S. regulatory agencies such as the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Communications Commission, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration all have orbital debris mitigation requirements for commercial launch and satellite operators.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Manx-Prize-Laura-Montgomery-ebook\/dp\/B00K3YT8RE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"3134\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2021\/03\/15\/congressional-letter-to-state-department-over-proposed-binding-un-resolution-on-norms-of-behavior-in-space\/manx-new-cover-ebook-feb-2021\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?fit=1600%2C2400&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,2400\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Manx new cover ebook Feb 2021\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?fit=683%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-3134 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?resize=148%2C222&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"148\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?resize=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?resize=683%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 683w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?resize=768%2C1152&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?resize=1024%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?resize=1365%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1365w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?resize=533%2C800&amp;ssl=1 533w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?resize=267%2C400&amp;ssl=1 267w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Manx-new-cover-ebook-Feb-2021.jpg?w=1600&amp;ssl=1 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 148px) 100vw, 148px\" \/><\/a>According to Space News, a main concern &#8220;is the breakup of satellites and rocket bodies caused when batteries or propellant tanks explode.&#8221;\u00a0 This is true of objects launched long ago, but the FAA issued requirements for preventing exactly this last century, and the FCC and NOAA followed suit.\u00a0 The FAA&#8217;s regulations apply to rocket bodies left on orbit, and are still on the books even after the FAA&#8217;s streamlining of its regulations:<\/p>\n<p><em><span dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">For any launch vehicle stage or <\/span><span dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">component that reaches Earth orbit, a <\/span><span dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">launch operator must prevent the <\/span><span dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">creation of debris through the <\/span><span dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">conversion of energy sources into <\/span><span dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">energy that fragments the stage or <\/span><span dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\">component, in accordance with the <\/span><\/em><span dir=\"ltr\" role=\"presentation\"><em>requirements in \u00a7 <span class=\"highlight selected\">450.171<\/span>.<\/em> <\/span><\/p>\n<p>Section 450.171 itself requires:<\/p>\n<div class=\"head\"><em>450.171 Safety at end of launch.<\/em><\/div>\n<p class=\"psection-1\"><em><span id=\"a\" class=\"enumxml\">(a)<\/span> <span class=\"et03\">Orbital debris mitigation.<\/span> An operator must ensure for any proposed launch that for all vehicle stages or components that reach Earth orbit &#8211;<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"psection-2\"><em><span id=\"a_1\" class=\"enumxml\">(1)<\/span> There is no unplanned physical contact between the vehicle or any of its components and the payload after payload separation;<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"psection-2\"><em><span id=\"a_2\" class=\"enumxml\">(2)<\/span> Debris generation does not result from the conversion of energy sources into energy that fragments the vehicle or its components. Energy sources include chemical, pressure, and kinetic energy; and<\/em><\/p>\n<p class=\"psection-2\"><em><span id=\"a_3\" class=\"enumxml\">(3)<\/span> For all vehicle stages or components that are left in orbit, stored energy is removed by depleting residual fuel and leaving all fuel line valves open, venting any pressurized system, leaving all batteries in a permanent discharge state, and removing any remaining source of stored energy.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Note that subparagraph (a)(3) requires a commercial launch operator to deplete all residual fuel and leave all fuel line valves open.\u00a0 This means that no propellants should remain on board causing the stage to break up&#8211;or to &#8220;fragment&#8221; as the FAA so delicately put it&#8211;on orbit.\u00a0 Likewise, an operator must leave its batteries in a discharge state.<\/p>\n<p>In other words, this particular concern is already being addressed, and has been since 1999 for commercial launches.<\/p>\n<p>Check the FCC and NOAA regulations for similar requirements for satellite operators.<\/p>\n<p>And if you are in the mood for science fiction about orbital debris, check out <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Manx-Prize-Laura-Montgomery-ebook\/dp\/B00K3YT8RE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Manx Prize<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A recent article in Space News made me think that it might be time for a reminder that U.S. regulatory&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3322","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - 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