{"id":3425,"date":"2021-10-20T10:00:04","date_gmt":"2021-10-20T14:00:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/?p=3425"},"modified":"2021-10-20T10:04:43","modified_gmt":"2021-10-20T14:04:43","slug":"rerun-science-fiction-space-law-and-the-regulatory-state-or-how-john-varley-broke-my-heart-but-other-science-fiction-writers-shouldnt-have-to","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2021\/10\/20\/rerun-science-fiction-space-law-and-the-regulatory-state-or-how-john-varley-broke-my-heart-but-other-science-fiction-writers-shouldnt-have-to\/","title":{"rendered":"RERUN: Science Fiction, Space Law, and the Regulatory State: Or, How John Varley Broke My Heart but Other Science Fiction Writers Shouldn\u2019t Have To"},"content":{"rendered":"

One of our sons is getting married this week!\u00a0 This is beyond thrilling, and we’re all super excited.\u00a0 Family is coming to town.\u00a0 The rehearsal dinner is ready to go, and I’m working hard to figure out how to put my hair up.\u00a0 Such are the concerns of the mother of the groom.<\/p>\n

All this excitement means, however, that this week I must provide you all a rerun from the early days of the blog.\u00a0 I have chosen a popular one.<\/p>\n

Begin rerun from 2016:\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

I read John Varley in my teens. I had a subscription to Analog, or, Galaxy, it might have been; and Varley\u2019s short stories showed up there regularly. He was really close to Heinlein in my pantheon of favorite authors. I read The Ophiuchi Hotline<\/em> when it came out, and waited eagerly for Titan<\/em> and its sequels.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>I grew up, I went to law school, I worked for a law firm.\u00a0\u00a0 I changed jobs and became a space lawyer for the Federal Aviation Administration and worked on commercial space transportation issues under the Commercial Space Launch Act (CSLA). (Of course, none of the views expressed here represent those of my former employer, especially the stuff about John Varley). So, about a decade ago, when I saw Red Thunder<\/strong><\/em><\/a>, a really fun book about a group of young people with a secret space engine trying to get to Mars before anyone else, I was very happy to pick it up.<\/p>\n

Reading it was just heaven, until it got to a certain point: the point where our heroes agreed amongst themselves they didn\u2019t need much in the way of regulatory approvals, aside from getting clearance from the FAA\u2019s Air Traffic (which, if I recall correctly, everything being secret and all, I don\u2019t think they bothered with). But, and here\u2019s the sad part, the characters made no mention of FAA launch licensing.\u00a0 They only defied Air Traffic, but they should have also defied the FAA’s Office of Commercial Space Transportation.<\/p>\n

How could John Varley have let me down like this? He could talk about Air Traffic control, but not about the licensing requirements of the Commercial Space Launch Act? What was wrong with him? Did science fiction writers have no regard for the law? Michael Flynn knew about the CSLA, and its administrators showed up as petty bureaucrats in Firestar<\/em>. That was cool. He was up to snuff. But John Varley?<\/p>\n

Anyway, I struggled to move on, and mostly did, but years have gone by and I remain troubled and still seek catharsis. My emotional issues might provide a good opportunity to go over the three space regulators in the U.S., so that other science fiction writers don\u2019t cause other space lawyers similar heartache.<\/p>\n

The regulators are, in alphabetical order, the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Communications Commission and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the Department of Commerce. The FAA regulates launch and reentry, the FCC transmissions from satellites into the United States, and NOAA remote sensing. If one were writing science fiction (ahem, Mr. Varley), these agencies could serve as obvious obstacles–if not outright villains–when plotting space adventure. Alternatively, they could be good vehicles for keeping everyone in their place.<\/p>\n

So what does each agency do? The FAA authorizes and regulates the launch and reentry of launch and reentry vehicles, including reusable launch vehicles, under Title 51, United States Code, (USC) chapter 509 (popularly referred to, by everyone except Mr. Varley, as the Commercial Space Launch Act because that was its original name, but isn\u2019t anymore. See here<\/strong><\/a>). Chapter 509, aka CSLA, is a different law than the one applied to aviation. The FAA licenses expendable launch vehicles such as the Atlas and Delta. The FAA licensed the launch and reentry of SpaceShipOne, which won the X Prize. And it licenses SpaceX\u2019s launch and reentry of Dragon, which carries cargo to the International Space Station. The FAA also authorizes and regulates launch and reentry sites, popularly referred to as spaceports–for which phrase Heinlein regularly gets the credit.<\/p>\n

You might think that if the FAA regulates launch and reentry, it also regulates transportation on orbit. It does not. When Congress granted the FAA authority over reentry in the late 90\u2019s, Congress was very explicit in the legislative history that it was not granting the FAA authority on orbit. This has led to many interesting discussions about how you know when a launch is over, and whether traveling all the way to Mars constitutes launching, but the latter is a hypothetical matter only, of course. It\u2019s a hypothetical matter that Mr. Varley didn\u2019t even try to address, but let\u2019s put that behind us, shall we?<\/p>\n

The FCC regulates transmissions under the Communications Act of 1934, which may be found at 47 USC \u00a7 151 et seq<\/strong><\/a>. For satellites, the FCC has rules about the satellite\u2019s location, interference with other satellites, and orbital debris. The debris rulemaking<\/a> is especially interesting<\/p>\n

NOAA addresses imaging of the Earth\u2019s surface via remote sensing satellites. Anyone who engages in such activities needs a license. NOAA also addresses issues regarding debris similar to those of the FCC. NOAA gets its authority from the National and Commercial Space Programs Act of 2010, Title 51, USC, Subtitle VI. You can find NOAA\u2019s regulations at Title 15, CFR part 960. See here<\/a> for both.<\/p>\n

Before we leave domestic territory, let\u2019s take a quick look at the administrative state and its utility as a science fiction research tool. When an agency issues its regulations, it first issues a proposal for public comment, which it publishes in the Federal Register. The proposal explains what the agency intends to do and why, and is a good source of interesting detail on issues. When the regulations become effective, the agency again issues a notice, this time explaining how it responds to the comments it received from the regulated industry and the rest of the public.<\/p>\n

Regulations are useful for a writer because you can mine them for any number of things: technical details; tortured bureaucratic language ripe for lending verisimilitude to a character; or the penalty processes for when your main character gets in trouble or is, alternatively, enforcing the law against miscreants or other malefactors. Me, I used a provision in 14 CFR part 417, which applies to the destruct system on a rocket, as the basis for a scene about check tones on a solar power satellite.\u00a0 I was a philosophy major: I need all the help I can get.<\/p>\n

About the book tab<\/strong>:\u00a0 The book tab contains both my books and books by others.\u00a0 The latter category present some element of space law that I’ve reviewed on this blog.\u00a0 If you want to see the review, just search on the title and you should find it.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

One of our sons is getting married this week!\u00a0 This is beyond thrilling, and we’re all super excited.\u00a0 Family is…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3425","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"\nRERUN: Science Fiction, Space Law, 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