{"id":909,"date":"2017-10-30T10:50:50","date_gmt":"2017-10-30T14:50:50","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/?p=909"},"modified":"2018-01-29T13:45:22","modified_gmt":"2018-01-29T18:45:22","slug":"space-policy-proposal-trump-administration-part-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2017\/10\/30\/space-policy-proposal-trump-administration-part-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Space Policy Proposal for the Trump Administration &#8211; Part 1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"918\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2017\/10\/30\/space-policy-proposal-trump-administration-part-1\/screen-shot-2017-10-30-at-10-48-12-am\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-30-at-10.48.12-AM.png?fit=177%2C177&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"177,177\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Screen Shot 2017-10-30 at 10.48.12 AM\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-30-at-10.48.12-AM.png?fit=177%2C177&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-30-at-10.48.12-AM.png?fit=177%2C177&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-918 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-30-at-10.48.12-AM.png?resize=177%2C177&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"177\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-30-at-10.48.12-AM.png?w=177&amp;ssl=1 177w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-30-at-10.48.12-AM.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 177px) 100vw, 177px\" \/>Dr. Jerry Hendrix and Adam Routh of the Center for a New American Security (CNAS) recently published\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/files.cnas.org\/documents\/Space-Policy-for-the-Trump-Administration.pdf?mtime=20171023110127\"><strong>A Space Policy for the Trump Administration<\/strong><\/a>.\u00a0 For those interested in what the authors have to say about civil and national security space, please follow the link.\u00a0 This analysis\u00a0 focuses on interpretations of the Outer Space Treaty that could aid space commercialization.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Outer Space Treaties<\/strong>.\u00a0 In what is music to my own ears, the authors advocate:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>significant changes in the nation\u2019s interpretation and enforcement of international laws that apply to space activities [and] expansion and freeing of the commercial space sector to fully harness the resources and wealth of space, &#8230; .<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Specifically, the authors propose that the administration provide clarifying guidance on the space treaties:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Ambiguity in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty is both a benefit and a curse: although allowing countries to interpret the requirements and restrictions may provide a certain level of freedom, the treaty also contains internal conflicts that provide grounds for possible future conflict with regard to resource development. The Trump administration needs to provide a clear strategy for U.S. space policy efforts and assert a broader interpretation of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. Because crafting a new international space agreement would be time-consuming and difficult, the best strategy is to provide clarifying guidance with regard to interpreting the current treaty for both domestic and international space actors.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The authors recommend proposing legislation to authorize and supervise space activities, but I did not find in the proposal the significant changes in interpretation that the authors earlier advocated.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2017\/08\/15\/opportunities-for-the-president-and-congress-to-ensure-that-regulatory-agencies-do-not-improperly-use-the-outer-space-treaty-to-deny-access-to-space-or-impose-burdensome-costs\/\"><strong>My own view<\/strong><\/a> is that the administration could reduce regulatory uncertainty regarding Article VI&#8217;s requirement that each country authorize and continuously supervise the acts of its national in outer space. A simple Executive Order might suffice to rein in those regulatory agencies that believe they can and should deny access to space on the basis of a non-self-executing treaty provision such as Article VI.<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>The authors quote my testimony regarding Article VI, specifically that \u201cArticle VI leaves it to each country to decide which particular activities require regulation, how that regulation will be carried out, and with how much supervision.&#8221; What I hope they understand is that one of the points I was making was that not all activities require authorization and supervision.\u00a0 From a standpoint of national interest, it would be reasonable for the U.S. to decide that only those activities which would, as the first portion of Article VI says, require the United States to &#8220;bear international responsibility&#8221; serve as candidates for regulation.\u00a0 This suggests that the United States should authorize and supervise private activities that might expose the country to liability claims, namely, dangerous activities for which regulation would provide some added value.\u00a0 Thus, the manufacture of cigarettes in orbit might require regulation, whereas robotic mining in the asteroid belt might not.\u00a0 Other space activities do not, under current law, require authorization.<\/p>\n<p>The authors recommend a light regulatory touch.\u00a0\u00a0 One important point to remember is that no regulatory touch stays light forever.\u00a0 When it passed the Federal Aviation Act, Congress directed the FAA to impose minimum standards in the interest of safety.\u00a0 Hardly a day goes by now that the FAA does not issue new airworthiness directives.\u00a0 Similarly, back when the Departments of Commerce and Transportation were each vying to be the agency that regulated commercial space transportation, the decision was made, according to <a href=\"http:\/\/www.commercialspacetransportation.info\/whichforleadagency\/\"><strong>Norman Bowles&#8217; description<\/strong><\/a> of events, on the basis of an agreement that the Office of Commercial Space Transportation not be placed in the FAA.\u00a0 Guess where it is now?\u00a0 (Personally, I think the FAA is as good a place as any to house commercial space transportation, but I raise the matter to show that unwritten understandings and intentions don&#8217;t always survive changes of personnel.)<\/p>\n<p>Accordingly, Article VI is one treaty provision that would benefit from the authors&#8217; recommendation that &#8220;the best strategy is to provide clarifying guidance with regard to interpreting the current treaty.&#8221;\u00a0 Rather than calling for the passage of more legislation mandating regulation\u2014however &#8220;light&#8221;\u2014the President could issue an executive order clarifying that Article VI does not provide regulatory agencies such as the Federal Aviation Administration grounds for denying access to space.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Property Rights<\/strong>.\u00a0 Property rights provide another opportunity for interpreting the Outer Space Treaty in a manner conducive to private investment and enterprise.\u00a0 Article II of the treaty says:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Article II\u2019s bar applies to national appropriation, not private appropriation.\u00a0 Given that Article II itself applies to national appropriation it, on its face, does not implicate private appropriation. To the extent that Article VI calls for countries to ensure their nationals&#8217; conformity with the treaty, a less burdensome interpretation of Article II&#8217;s national appropriation ban would be that Article II did not intend private actors to serve as a conduit for national appropriation. Accordingly, state owned enterprises would not be able to appropriate outer space, but purely private entities could.\u00a0 The President could make clear by Executive Order that this is the U.S. interpretation, thus reducing uncertainty for investors and the rest of the private sector.<\/p>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dr. Jerry Hendrix and Adam Routh of the Center for a New American Security (CNAS) recently published\u00a0 A Space Policy&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[1],"tags":[70,56,63],"class_list":["post-909","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-article-vi","tag-outer-space-treaty","tag-property-rights"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Space Policy Proposal for the Trump Administration - Part 1 - Ground Based Space Matters<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2017\/10\/30\/space-policy-proposal-trump-administration-part-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Space Policy Proposal for the Trump Administration - Part 1 - Ground Based Space Matters\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dr. Jerry Hendrix and Adam Routh of the Center for a New American Security (CNAS) recently published\u00a0 A Space Policy&hellip;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2017\/10\/30\/space-policy-proposal-trump-administration-part-1\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Ground Based Space Matters\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2017-10-30T14:50:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-01-29T18:45:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"http:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Screen-Shot-2017-10-30-at-10.48.12-AM.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Laura Montgomery\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Laura Montgomery\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2017\/10\/30\/space-policy-proposal-trump-administration-part-1\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/index.php\/2017\/10\/30\/space-policy-proposal-trump-administration-part-1\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Laura Montgomery\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/groundbasedspacematters.com\/#\/schema\/person\/03ef87affa9138c578663639f4af45be\"},\"headline\":\"Space Policy Proposal for the Trump Administration &#8211; 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